论湿陷起始压力     

关文章 《工程地质学报》1993,1(1):85-92

本文以实测数据为依据,以工程应用为主题,从七个方面对湿陷起始压力进行了广泛的讨论,为工程中多方面应用湿陷起始压力提供了系统允分的依据。  相似文献   

What controls levels of dissolved phosphate and ammonium in surface waters?   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Walter K. Dodds 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1993,55(2):132-142

Dissolved inorganic nutrient pools are small relative to particulate pools, and dissolved pools turnover rapidly. It has been observed that pools change little from day to day on the sampling scales usually employed. A simple model is presented where uptake and regeneration rates balance to cause a local steady state concentration for dissolved inorganic nutrients. Enrichment and dilution perturbation experiments with lake water support the idea of steady state nutrient concentrations. Although inorganic nutrient concentrations are often controlled by biota, the absolute concentrations present tell little about the activity of that biota.  相似文献   

Seasonal patterns of suspended sediment load and erosion-transport assessment in a Mediterranean basin     

A. Millares  H. A. Chikh  M. Habi  B. Morsli  J. P. Galve  J. V. Perez-Peña 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(6):969-983

ABSTRACT

To assess seasonal patterns of suspended sediment load and its erosion–transport interactions, 17 years of river monitoring data from the Isser River Basin (northwest Algeria) were studied, considering continuous and event-scale approaches. The results show significant differences in sediment yield and transport processes between dry and wet periods. A rate of 8 t ha^?1 year^?1 was estimated from continuous analysis, with values of 4.3 and 13 t ha^?1 year^?1 for wet and dry periods, respectively. Estimates of soil delivery ratio pointed to higher values during dry periods and the dominance of hillslope erosion processes. At the event scale, the hysteresis loops confirmed these seasonal patterns in transport dynamics. The calibration of the MUSLE model highlighted the severity of rainfall during the dry period. These results emphasize the importance of seasonality in erosion and transport processes with special relevance in terms of climate change predictions.  相似文献   

Calibration of diatoms along a nutrient gradient in Florida Everglades Water Conservation Area-2A, USA   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Sherri R. Cooper  Jacqueline Huvane  Panchabi Vaithiyanathan  Curtis J. Richardson 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1999,22(4):413-437

The relationship between diatom taxa preserved in surface soils and environmental variables at 31 sites in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A) of the Florida Everglades was explored using multivariate analyses. Surface soils were collected along a phosphorus (P) gradient and analyzed for diatoms, total P, % nitrogen (N), %carbon (C), calcium (Ca), and biogenic silica (BSi). Phosphorus varied from 315-1781 g g^-1, and was not found to be correlated with the other geochemical variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to examine which environmental variables correlated most closely with the distributions in diatom taxa. Canonical correspondence analysis with forward selection, constrained and partial CCA, and Monte Carlo permutation tests of significance show the most significant changes in diatom assemblages along the P gradient (p < 0.01), with additional species differences correlated with soil C, N, Ca, and BSi.Weighted-averaging (WA) regression and calibration models of diatom assemblages to P and BSi were developed. The diatom-based inference model for soil [P] had a high apparent r² (0.86) with RMSE_boot = 218 g g^-1. Indicator diatom species identified by assessing species WA optima and WA tolerance to [P], such as Nitzschia amphibia and N. palea for high [P] (~1300-1400 g^-1) and Achnanthes minutissima var. scotica and Mastogloia smithii for low [P] (~400-600 g g^-1), may be useful as monitoring tools for eutrophication in WCA-2A as well as other areas of the Everglades. Diatom assemblages analyzed by cluster analysis were related to location within WCA-2A, and dominant taxa within clusters are discussed in relation to the geochemical variables measured as well as hydrology and pH. Diversity of diatom assemblages and a Disturbance Index based on diatom data are discussed in relation to the historically P-limited Everglades ecosystem. Diatom assemblages should be very useful for reconstructions of [P] through time in the Florida Everglades, provided diatoms are well preserved in soil cores.  相似文献   

Lateral load pattern in pushover analysis   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7  

孙景江  Tetsuro Ono  赵衍刚  王威 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2003,2(1):99-107

The seismic capacity curves of three types of buildings including frame, frame-shear wall and shear wall obtained by pushover analysis under different lateral load patterns are compared with those from nonlinear time history analysis. Based on the numerical results obtained a two-phase load pattern; an inverted triangle (first mode) load pattern until the base shear force reachesβ times its maximum value, V_max, followed by a (x/H)^α form, hereβ and α being some coefficients depending on the type of the structures considered, is proposed in the paper, which can provide excellent approximation of the seismic capacity curve for low-to-mid-rise shear type buildings. Furthermore, it is shown both the two-phase load pattern proposed and the invariant uniform pattern can be used for low-to-mid-rise shear-bending type and low-rise bending type of buildings. No suitable load patterns have been found for high-rise buildings.  相似文献   

水平荷载作用下群桩相互作用的弹塑性数值分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

周洪波  杨敏  茜平一 《水文地质工程地质》2003,30(3):29-35

本文利用三维弹塑性有限元法对水平荷载作用下群桩基础特性进行了分析,讨论了群桩基础水平荷载作用下的承载性状和破坏机理,并探讨了桩距、桩数、桩长、桩径和土质各种因素对群桩效应的影响,指出桩距和桩数是影响群桩效应的主要因素。  相似文献   

Heavy metal inflow into the floodplains at the mouth of the river Weiße Elster (Central Germany)     

Lutz Zerling  Christiane Hanisch  Frank W. Junge 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2006,34(3):234-244

From 1998 to 2002 investigations were carried out to estimate both the quantity and quality (heavy metal contents) of suspended matter loads discharged into a floodplain area measuring approx. 5 km² of the Central German river Weiße Elster, a tributary of the river Saale in the Elbe river basin. Flood sediments, suspended particulate matter, and floodplain soils were investigated especially for the main pollutants Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Hg. Supplementary gamma spectroscopy examinations were performed to help to identify the age of deposits in order to estimate sedimentation rates for last decades. The recent flood sediments are contaminated by up to 33 times the geogenic background (Cd). Up to 55% of the total annual SPM load of the river Weiße Elster is relocated into the investigated retention area in the flood‐stricken year 2002. The sedimentation rates for the last 50 years vary between 0.5 mm/a and 1 mm/a in far away and rarely flooded parts and between 1 mm/a and 2 mm/a in the frequently flooded parts of the inflow of the retention area.  相似文献   

A Basic Water Quality Model for the River Neckar: Part 2 – model‐based analysis of the oxygen budget and scenarios     

Ingo Haag 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2006,34(6):549-559

In this paper the Basic Water Quality Model (BWQM) for the central part of River Neckar is used to analyse the oxygen budget and to assess the potentials of various measures to prevent or mitigate critical dissolved oxygen (DO) declines. It is shown that the oxygen budget is mainly governed by phytoplankton dynamics. The excessive growth of algae and the sudden break down of the resulting algal blooms may cause episodic DO depressions. Therefore, to stabilise the oxygen budget in a sustainable way, eutrophication has to be controlled within the central part of River Neckar and the upstream regions. The only feasible way to reach this goal appears to be a further drastic reduction of phosphorus emissions. In addition, it is indispensable to hold the very high standards of biochemical oxygen demand and ammonium retention at the wastewater treatment plants. A worse performance of the treatment plants would dramatically aggravate critical DO declines which may be caused by algae dynamics. As long as the oxygen budget is not completely stabilised, weir and turbine aeration can be used to mitigate DO depressions. It could be shown that the potentials of these measures suffice to keep DO at a tolerable level. However, due to the long travel times in River Neckar, it is important to start aeration up to several days before the DO minimum is reached.  相似文献   

A bed‐load transport model for rough turbulent open‐channel flows on plane beds     

Athol D. Abrahams  Peng Gao 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(7):910-928

Data from flume studies are used to develop a model for predicting bed‐load transport rates in rough turbulent two‐dimensional open‐channel flows moving well sorted non‐cohesive sediments over plane mobile beds. The object is not to predict transport rates in natural channel flows but rather to provide a standard against which measured bed‐load transport rates influenced by factors such as bed forms, bed armouring, or limited sediment availability may be compared in order to assess the impact of these factors on bed‐load transport rates. The model is based on a revised version of Bagnold's basic energy equation i_bs_b = e_bω, where i_b is the immersed bed‐load transport rate, ω is flow power per unit area, e_b is the efficiency coefficient, and s_b is the stress coefficient defined as the ratio of the tangential bed shear stress caused by grain collisions and fluid drag to the immersed weight of the bed load. Expressions are developed for s_b and e_b in terms of G, a normalized measure of sediment transport stage, and these expressions are substituted into the revised energy equation to obtain the bed‐load transport equation i_b = ω G ^3·4. This equation applies regardless of the mode of bed‐load transport (i.e. saltation or sheet flow) and reduces to i_b = ω where G approaches 1 in the sheet‐flow regime. That i_b = ω does not mean that all the available power is dissipated in transporting the bed load. Rather, it reflects the fact that i_b is a transport rate that must be multiplied by s_b to become a work rate before it can be compared with ω. It follows that the proportion of ω that is dissipated in the transport of bed load is i_bs_b/ω, which is approximately 0·6 when i_b = ω. It is suggested that this remarkably high transport efficiency is achieved in sheet flow (1) because the ratio of grain‐to‐grain to grain‐to‐bed collisions increases with bed shear stress, and (2) because on average much more momentum is lost in a grain‐to‐bed collision than in a grain‐to‐grain one. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

弹性填料处理河道污水实验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

程洪  黄伟  莫斌  雷金勇  余谦  徐文炘 《矿产与地质》2006,20(2):174-177

采用弹性填料曝气生物膜法对污染的河道水体进行处理的实验研究,结果表明,在2m/h的流速、水温为16℃~18℃、气水比为1∶1的条件下,采用弹性填料的生物膜处理系统运转正常,不易发生堵塞或系统短流,系统此时的水力停留时间为3.5h左右,污水中的COD和NH3-N去除率稳定,其均值分别为49.4%和19.1%。  相似文献